MySQL服务器的运维和优化

安装

yum install mariadb mariadb-server

systemctl start mariadb

systemctl status mariadb

配置

[root@controller ~]# mysql_secure_installation

NOTE: RUNNING ALL PARTS OF THIS SCRIPT IS RECOMMENDED FOR ALL MariaDB
      SERVERS IN PRODUCTION USE!  PLEASE READ EACH STEP CAREFULLY!

In order to log into MariaDB to secure it, we'll need the current
password for the root user.  If you've just installed MariaDB, and
you haven't set the root password yet, the password will be blank,
so you should just press enter here.

Enter current password for root (enter for none):
OK, successfully used password, moving on...

Setting the root password ensures that nobody can log into the MariaDB
root user without the proper authorisation.

Set root password? [Y/n] y
New password:
Re-enter new password:
Sorry, passwords do not match.

New password:
Re-enter new password:
Sorry, passwords do not match.

New password:
Re-enter new password:
Password updated successfully!
Reloading privilege tables..
 ... Success!


By default, a MariaDB installation has an anonymous user, allowing anyone
to log into MariaDB without having to have a user account created for
them.  This is intended only for testing, and to make the installation
go a bit smoother.  You should remove them before moving into a
production environment.

Remove anonymous users? [Y/n] y
 ... Success!

Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from 'localhost'.  This
ensures that someone cannot guess at the root password from the network.

Disallow root login remotely? [Y/n] n
 ... skipping.

By default, MariaDB comes with a database named 'test' that anyone can
access.  This is also intended only for testing, and should be removed
before moving into a production environment.

Remove test database and access to it? [Y/n] y
 - Dropping test database...
 ... Success!
 - Removing privileges on test database...
 ... Success!

Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes made so far
will take effect immediately.

Reload privilege tables now? [Y/n] y
 ... Success!

Cleaning up...

All done!  If you've completed all of the above steps, your MariaDB
installation should now be secure.

Thanks for using MariaDB!

创建数据库

mysqladmin -uroot -p000000 create test

mysql -uroot -p000000

MariaDB [(none)]> use test;
Database changed
MariaDB [test]> CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `tables`(
    -> `tables_id` INT UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT,
    ->              `tables_title` VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
    ->              `tables_author` VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
    ->              `tables_date` DATE,
    ->              PRIMARY KEY ( `tables_id` )
    -> )ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MariaDB [test]> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| tables         |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [test]> exit
Bye

数据库备份

导出整个数据库，命令如下所示。

[root@mysql ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p000000 test > test.sql

[root@mysql ~]# ls

test.sql

导出一个表，命令如下所示：

[root@mysql ~]# mysqldump -uroot -p000000 test tables > test_tables.sql

[root@mysql ~]# ls

test.sql  test_tables.sql

数据库导入

删除test数据库进行导入测试，用mysqldump备份的文件是一个可以直接导入的SQL脚本。有两种方法可以将数据导入，一种用msql命令，把数据库文件恢复到指定的数据库，命令如下所示：

[root@mysql ~]# mysqladmin -uroot -p000000 drop test
    
Dropping the database is potentially a very bad thing to do.
Any data stored in the database will be destroyed.

Do you really want to drop the 'test' database [y/N] y
Database "test" dropped

[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p000000
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 26
Server version: 10.3.18-MariaDB-log MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> create database test;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> quit
Bye
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p000000 test < test.sql

第二种，可以使用source语句方法导入数据库，把数据库文件恢复到指定的数据库，命令如下所示：

[root@mysql ~]# mysqladmin -uroot -p000000 drop test      
Dropping the database is potentially a very bad thing to do.
Any data stored in the database will be destroyed.

Do you really want to drop the 'test' database [y/N] y
Database "test" dropped
[root@mysql ~]# mysql -uroot -p000000
Welcome to the MariaDB monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MariaDB connection id is 30
Server version: 10.3.18-MariaDB-log MariaDB Server

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle, MariaDB Corporation Ab and others.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

MariaDB [(none)]> create database test;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.027 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use test             
Database changed
MariaDB [test]> source /root/test.sql;

添加用户并授权

授权root用户可以在任何节点访问test数据库下所有表，“%”代表所有节点机器，命令如下所示：

MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON test.* TO 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '000000' ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)
MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON test.* TO 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '000000' ;                                
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)
MariaDB [test]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

添加root用户对test数据库授增、删、改、查的权限，命令如下所示：

MariaDB [(none)]> GRANT SELECT,INSERT,DELETE,UPDATE ON test.* TO 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '000000' ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)
MariaDB [test]> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

MySQL数据库优化

修改数据库配置文件，添加参数，命令如下所示：

vi /etc/my.cnf

在文件中添加以下命令，优化数据库：

[mysqld]
thread_concurrency = 64		#CPU核数 * 2
max_connections=1500			#最大连接（用户）数。每个连接MySQL的用户均算作一个连接
max_connect_errors=30			#最大失败连接限制
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 32M	#批量插入数据缓存大小
query_cache_type=1			#查询缓存  (0 = off、1 = on、2 = demand)
query_cache_size = 64M		#指定mysql查询缓冲区大小
max_allowed_packet = 128M	#通信缓冲大小
read_buffer_size = 8M			#顺序读取数据缓冲区使用内存
read_rnd_buffer_size = 32M		#随机读取数据缓冲区使用内存

复制粘贴版：

thread_concurrency = 64
max_connections=1500
max_connect_errors=30
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 32M
query_cache_type=1
query_cache_size = 64M
max_allowed_packet = 128M
read_buffer_size = 8M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 32M